Special competence in diabetology, Finnish Medical Association May 15, 1995 Subspeciality in Pediatric Endocrinology, National Board of Health, November 20, 1989 Helsinki, Finland Speciality in Pediatrics, National Board of Health, Helsinki, Finland September 30, 1985 M.D., University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland October 10, 1976 D.M.Sc. (Ph.D.), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland May 24, 1983 Title of doctoral dissertation: Endocrine pancreatic function and its regulation in infants and children in normal and pathological conditions Docent in Pediatrics, University of Oulu